The growth medium is typically agar-based — yes, the same substance used in microbiology to grow bacterial cultures — infused with a formulation derived from something called Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, a nutrient mixture developed in the 1960s that has become the foundation of plant tissue culture worldwide. To this base, you add specific plant hormones: cytokinins to promote shoot proliferation, auxins to promote rooting, and various other compounds depending on what growth stage you are trying to achieve.
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